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A General History of the Middle East
Contents
(and malcontents)
Chapter 1: The Land Between The Rivers
3000 to 1792 B.C.
 |
Introduction |
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The Rise of the Sumerians |
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Sumerian Intellectual Achievements |
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From City-States to Kingdoms |
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The Early Elamites |
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Out of the Valleys |
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A War-Ravaged Civilization |
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The Role of Climate Change in History |
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The Akkadian Empire |
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Sumer's Last Hurrah |
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Abraham, the Friend of God |
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The Fall of Ur |
Chapter 2: The Chariot Age
1792 to 930 B.C.
Part I
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The Amorite Period |
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Iron, the Metal of Mars |
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The Assyrian Debut |
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Hammurabi |
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The "Hittites" |
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The Hurrians |
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The Kassites |
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The Eleventh Plague |
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Israel Becomes a Nation |
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The Warrior Pharaohs |
Part II
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The First Arabs |
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The Middle Assyrian Empire |
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The Aramaean Arrival |
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The Middle Elamite Period |
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The Other Nebuchadnezzar |
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Suppiluliumas the Great |
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Mursilis the Defender |
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Tiglath-Pileser I |
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Israel: The United Kingdom |
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Kadesh, the Greatest Chariot Battle of All |
Chapter 3: The Early Iron Age
930 to 627 B.C.
Part I
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The Phoenicians |
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Israel vs. Judah vs. Aram (Syria) |
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The Hittites Fade Out |
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Troy, the City With Nine Lives |
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The Sea Peoples |
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The House of Omri |
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Assyria: The Calah Period |
Part II
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Israel's Indian Summer |
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Urartu |
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Phrygia |
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The Mannaeans |
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The New Assyrian Empire |
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The Rise of Lydia |
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Josiah the Righteous |
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Assyria Triumphant |
Chapter 4: The Neo-Babylonian Empire
627 to 539 B.C.
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The Fall of Assyria |
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Nebuchadnezzar II vs. Necho II |
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The Final Years of Judah |
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The Median Kingdom |
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Zoroastrianism |
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By the Rivers of Babylon |
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The First Shah of Iran |
Chapter 5: The Persian Empire
539 to 336 B.C.
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The Return to Jerusalem |
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Kambujiya (Cambyses) II |
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Darayavahush (Darius) I |
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Khshayarsha (Xerxes) I |
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Artakhshassa (Artaxerxes I) |
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Darius II |
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Artaxerxes II |
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Artaxerxes III |
Chapter 6: The Age of Hellenism
336 to 63 B.C.
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Alexander the Great |
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The Wars of the Diadochi (Successors) |
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The Diffusion of Greek Culture |
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The Seleucid Kingdom |
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Classical Asia Minor |
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Antiochus the Great and Antiochus Epiphanes |
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The Origin of the Parthians |
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The Revolt of the Maccabees |
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Parthia: The Phil-Hellenic Period |
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The Kingdom of the Holy Warriors |
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Another Mithradates the Great |
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Tigranes the Great |
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Rome Takes Over |
Chapter 7: In The Shadow Of Rome
63 B.C. to 226 A.D.
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Rome vs. Parthia |
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Herod the Great |
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The Tetrarchy |
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Prelude to the New Testament |
|
The Birth of Christianity |
|
The Journeys of the Apostles |
 Simon Peter | |
| Andrew | |
| James the Son of Zebedee | |
| John | |
| Philip | |
| Bartholomew | |
| Thomas | |
| Matthew | |
| James the Son of Alphaeus | |
| Thaddaeus | |
| Simon | |
| Matthias | |
|
The Last Herods |
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The Jewish-Roman War |
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Parthia: The Anti-Hellenistic Period |
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Bar Kochba's Revolt |
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Commerce Under the Pax Romana |
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The Two Empires in Trouble |
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The End of the Parthians |
Chapter 8: Zoroastrians, Pagans, And Christians
226 to 570 A.D.
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The Sassanian or Neo-Persian Empire |
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Zenobia |
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Manicheism |
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The Growth of the Church |
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Competitors to Christianity |
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The First Heresies |
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The Roman Response to Christianity |
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The Roman Empire Transformed |
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Shapur the Great |
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The Empire of Caesar and Christ |
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Persia Besieged |
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Khosrau I |
|
Classical Arabia |
Chapter 9: The Islamic Explosion
570 to 750
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Mohammed's Calling |
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The Flight That Led to Victory |
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What Islam Is All About |
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The Koran, the Ulema and the Shari'a |
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Islam and Women |
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The Last Perso-Roman Wars, Mohammed Announces Himself |
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Jihad! |
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Troubles at the Heart of the Caliphate |
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The Umayyad Caliphate |
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Foreign Wars of the Umayyads |
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The Cities Beneath Cappadocia |
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The Fall of the Umayyads |
Chapter 10: The Arab Golden Age
750 to 1055
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The Abbasid Caliphate In Its Prime |
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The Early Wars of the Abbasids and The Power Behind the Caliphal Throne |
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Commerce Under the Abbasids |
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Arab Science |
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Arab Education |
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The Arts |
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The Mu'tazilites |
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The Shi'a |
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The Ismailis |
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Sufism |
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The Yezidis |
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Political Dissolution |
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The Fatimids and the Druze |
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Enter the Turks |
Chapter 11: Saracen and Crusader
1055 to 1212
|
Alp Arslan |
|
Asia Minor Becomes Turkey |
|
The Seljuk Empire under Malik Shah and Nizam al-Mulk |
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The Order of Assassins |
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Deus Vult! |
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The First Crusade |
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Consolidation |
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Life In Outremer |
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The Seljuk-Assassin War |
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The Second Crusade |
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Saladin |
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The Third Crusade |
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The Fourth Crusade |
Chapter 12: The Mongol Terror
1212 to 1405
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The Fifth Crusade |
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Vanguard of Genghis Khan |
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The Sixth and Seventh Crusades |
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The Mameluke Coup |
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Hulagu's Expedition |
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Baybars the Ruthless |
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The End of the Crusades |
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Zenith of the Mamelukes |
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The Ilkhanate of Persia |
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The Origin of the Ottoman Turks |
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Orhan |
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Murad I |
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Bayezid the Thunderbolt |
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The Last Fury of the Steppes |
Chapter 13: The Ottoman Era
1405 to 1798
|
Mohammed the Conqueror |
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White & Black Sheep Turks |
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The Middle East at the Dawn of the Modern Era |
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Persian Revival |
|
Selim the Grim |
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Suleiman the Magnificent |
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Everyday Life in the Ottoman Empire |
|
The Long Decline Begins |
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Shah Abbas the Great |
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The Cage |
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Back to the Danube |
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Persia in Turmoil |
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Oman Takes a Bow |
Chapter 14: The Challenge From the West
1798 to 1914
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Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt |
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The Wahhabiyah |
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Mahmud the Reformer |
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Mohammed Ali |
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The Tanzimat Reforms |
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A French Foothold in Lebanon |
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Nineteenth-Century Persia |
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The Baha'i Movement |
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The Suez Canal and the Pawning of Egypt |
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The Ottoman Constitution and the Russo-Turkish War |
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British Inroads in Arabia |
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Abdul the Damned |
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The Majlis Revolution |
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Early Steps in the Regathering of Israel |
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The Father of Modern Zionism |
|
The Young Turks |
Chapter 15: Setting the Stage For Today's Conflicts
1914 to 1948
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The Reluctant Central Power |
|
Armenian Holocaust |
|
Gallipoli |
|
The Mesopotamian Campaign |
|
Behind Closed Doors |
|
The Arab Revolt |
|
Promises, Promises . . . |
|
Allenby's Crusade |
|
A Peace to End All Peace |
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The Greco-Turkish War |
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The Republic of Turkey |
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The Anglo-Arab Monarchies |
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La Syrie et le Liban |
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Ibn Saud |
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Reza Shah Pahlavi |
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Nationalism in Egypt |
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The Rebuilding of Zion |
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World War II |
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The Arab League |
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The First Confrontation of the Cold War |
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The Slide to Catastrophe |
Chapter 16: The Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1948
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Israel's War of Independence |
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An Exchange of Arabs for Jews |
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The Syrian Dictators and Jordan's King Hussein |
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The Rise of Nasser |
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The Suez Crisis of 1956 |
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The United Arab Republic |
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The 1958 Lebanese Crisis |
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More Years of Armed Truce |
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The Six Day War |
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The War of Attrition |
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The Palestinian Wild Card |
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Black September |
|
The 1973 War |
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Terrorism: The Clandestine War |
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The First Phase of the Lebanese Civil War |
|
How the US Bicentennial Became Entebbe Day |
|
Sadat's Peace Mission |
|
Israel Gets Involved in Lebanon |
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Terrorism: The Next Generation |
|
The First Intifada |
|
Lebanon: A National Victim |
|
The Oslo Peace (Piece?) |
|
Oslo II |
|
Wye |
|
Jordan, Lebanon and Syria Today |
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Camp David II |
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Inside the Palestinian Authority |
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The Second Intifada |
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The Decline of Near Eastern Christianity |
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What are the Options? |
Chapter 17: The Mother of All Trouble Spots
Iran and Iraq Since 1948
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The Mossadegh Affair |
|
The White Revolution |
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Iraq Breaks With the West |
|
The Iranian Revolution |
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The Hostage Crisis |
|
The Butcher of Baghdad |
|
The Iran-Iraq War |
|
Iraqnophobia |
|
The One-Hundred-Hour War |
|
The Wounded Predator |
|
Iran After Khomeini |
|
"Shock and Awe" |
Chapter 18: The Rest of the Middle East Since 1948
|
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: The Transcaucasian Republics |
|
The Arab Nouveau Riche |
| Bahrein | |
| Kuwait | |
| Qatar | |
| The United Arab Emirates | |
|
Cyprus: Enosis or Division? |
|
Oman: The Awakening Hermit |
|
Saudi Arabia: A Financial Powerhouse |
| King Saud IV | |
| Faisal II | |
| Khalid and Fahd | |
| The Al Qaeda Factor | |
|
Turkey: The Progressive Exception |
|
Yemen: United At Last |
| North Yemen: The Imamate and Nasser's Vietnam | |
| South Yemen: Marxism, Arab Style | |
| A Rocky Road to Unity | |
| The Republic of Yemen Today |
Bibliography
A Timeline of the Ancient Near East
My Biblical Chronology, From Adam to the Exile
(The last paper is from "The Genesis Chronicles" folder)
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